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BPC-157 references and citations

Every study cited on this site, numbered and fully referenced with DOI and PubMed identifiers where available.

BPC-157 Research Citations

All BPC-157 citations used across this site are listed below in reference order. Citations are drawn exclusively from published peer-reviewed studies and systematic reviews. Where a PubMed identifier exists, it is provided as a direct link. Where a DOI is available, it links to the publisher record. The twenty references below cover the primary mechanism literature, tissue-specific findings, pharmacokinetics, safety debates, and human pilot data cited in the frequently asked questions, research digest, and dosage literature pages.

Abstract dark herbarium column of desaturated pressed seed-pod silhouettes on near-black with a single gold vertical rule
Fig. 4. Abstract botanical archive — a quiet column of pressed specimen forms in the dark-botanical aesthetic, standing for the literature's own studied accumulation over thirty years.
  1. Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, Huang HY, Lin Y, Ko YS, Wang JS, Chang VHS, Pang JHS. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. PMID: 27847966 • DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y
  2. Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, Chang GJ, Huang HY, Lin Y, Pang JHS. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17078. PMID: 33051481 • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74022-y
  3. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. PMID: 25415472 • DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066
  4. Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, Radic B, Vukoja I, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. PMID: 20225319 • DOI: 10.1002/jor.21107
  5. Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982-989. PMID: 16583442 • DOI: 10.1002/jor.20096
  6. Pevec D, Novinscak T, Brcic L, Sipos K, Jukic I, Staresinic M, et al. Impact of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on muscle healing impaired by systemic corticosteroid application. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(3):BR81-88. PMID: 20190676
  7. Perovic D, Milavic M, Dokuzovic S, Krezic I, et al. Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(5):1976-2004. PMID: 35678659 • DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050130
  8. Vukojević J, et al. The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Brain Behav. 2020;10(7):e01726. PMID: 32558293 • DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1726
  9. Sikiric P, Udovicic M, Barisic I, Balenovic D, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Useful Cytoprotective Peptide Therapy in the Heart Disturbances, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension, Arrhythmias, and Thrombosis Presentation. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2696. PMID: 36359218 • DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112696
  10. Sikiric P, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of BPC 157, a 15-amino acid peptide, on liver lesions induced by either restraint stress or bile duct and hepatic artery ligation or CCl4 administration. Life Sci. 1993;53(4):PL291-PL296. PMID: 7901724 • DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90589-u
  11. Klicek R, Sever M, Radic B, Drmic D, Kocman I, Zoricic I, Vuksic T, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in clinical trials as a therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (PL14736), is effective in the healing of colocutaneous fistulas in rats: role of the nitric oxide-system. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;108(1):7-17. PMID: 18818478 • DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0072161
  12. Seiwerth S, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. PMID: 34267654 • DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627533
  13. Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, Dursun AD, Sezen SC, Arslan M. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. PMID: 40005408 • DOI: 10.3390/medicina61020291
  14. Staresinic M, Japjec M, Vranes H, Prtoric A, Zizek H, Krezic I, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle. Biomedicines. 2022;10(12):3221. PMID: 36551977 • DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123221
  15. Sikiric P, Hahm KB, Blagaic AB, Tvrdeic A, Pavlov KH, Petrovic A, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, Robert's Stomach Cytoprotection/Adaptive Cytoprotection/Organoprotection, and Selye's Stress Coping Response. Gut Liver. 2020;14(2):173-186. PMID: 31158953 • DOI: 10.5009/gnl18490
  16. Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/15563316251355551 • Publisher link ↗
  17. Yuan C, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(6):2876. PMID: 41898733 • DOI: 10.3390/ijms27062876
  18. Sikiric P, et al. BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions, but Maintaining, Promoting, or Recovering Their Essential Protective Functions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(10):1450. PMID: 41155565 • DOI: 10.3390/ph18101450
  19. He L, Feng D, Guo H, Zhou Y, Li Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. PMID: 36588717 • DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182
  20. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. PMID: 39325560